The lung epithelium shows reduced barrier function and airway remodeling in COPD, drawing interest in the epithelial cells. The tracheal epithelial cells include several key cell types:

• Basal cells: These are cuboidal in shape and regenerate the epithelium after injury.
• Goblet cells: These cells produce mucus rich in mucins, antimicrobial agents, and electrolytes. The mucus helps trap dust, microbes, and other particles.
• Ciliated cells: Their surface is covered with tiny hair-like structures (cilia) that beat in a coordinated fashion to move mucus and trapped particles up and out of the airways.
• Club cells (Clara cells): Found mostly in the bronchioles, these cells play a role in repair after injury and can transform into other types of airway cells as needed.

Basal cells are generally referred to as airway epithelial stem cells owing to their ability to regenerate.

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